Rotary turbine-type hydraulic torque converter



Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL 2,663,149

ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed Dec. 30, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet l Fez'nold C Zezld'ler and C I l I 7 3 0 W @l j q T r il I R N L; I E; Q E I fnz/enzgr'o' Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL 2,663,149

ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed D80. 30, 1950 l4 Sheets-Sheet 2 E i E g Y E I m B q 3 2 g g Y E m J 3 s i k 9 3 fnz/e rzi ons'x i fieinkold CZezld'Zef and Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER 14 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Dec.

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ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed Dec. 50, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet 4 Zeqgf/z ofmean 270w //'n@ /n secf/bn of fore/s.

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ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed Dec. 30, 1950. 14 Sheets-Sheet 5 \01 l E) fnuenior's Dec. 22, 1953 R, c, E LER HAL 2,663,149

ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER- F'iled Dec. 30, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet 6 '4 J InverzfirsF Rein/Lola! CZeL'cZZer and William 8.. jar-mes Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER 14 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed Dec. 30 1950 O I IiJ LH&- QZ IIlllllllllllllll'llilll l'llllllll fnyenfirxs: fiein/Lold CZezlcZZer and William CZ. jarnes' Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ErAL ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed Dec. 30, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet 9 E K b ll Q56.

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ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed. Dec. 30, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet l0 Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed Dec. 30, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet 11 fnuez Lns 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL 2,663,149

ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Filed Dec. 30, 1950 14 Sheets-Sheet 12 Q llllIllllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII QQ QQQQQQOQQQQQQQ QQQQQ.QQQQQQQQQQQD QQWVNQMmvNQQ Q- QQ $WNNQMN-NNNN fieinkold C Zec'ziler and William Q. jar-72.65

Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL 2,663,149

ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER AL fnz/erzz arts' fiecjn/olci CZezZcZZer and LZZz Larro- Q. fiarnes Dec. 22, 1953 R. c. ZEIDLER ETAL ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER 14 Shee'Bs-Sheet 14 Filed Dc. 30, 1950 i k x m .ll

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fmvenl or's': J? sin/4016i CZezlciZer and am a. Barnes Patented Dec 22, 1953 ROTARY TURBINE-TYPE HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTER Reinholdfi. Zeidlenand William A. Barnes, De-

troit lvlich assi nors to Borg-Warner Qorpor ratiom. Chicago,. ll l., a corporation .of, Illinois.

ApplicationDecemberBO, 1950, Serial No. 203,698

I 22.0laims. (Cl-. .60.-=.5.4).

This; invention A relates to: hydrodynamic coup ng devices and; moresnarticularlmto hydraulic, torque; converters.- embodyin hump; turbine-an reaction memberszdefininga1closed% toroidal :fiuid; path and including vanesacurved to circulatethea fluid in a manner to multiply torquereceivedfrom. an engine.

It is a primary obiect;ot 'thezinventionr to pro? vide improved? hy.draulic:- torq e. converters h ving-the vane curvaturesaoiithenpum v. r ne reaction memhersnthereof; designed ,to'effect vthey transmission of power at varying speeds by: the: kinetic: energvsdf: a: fluid, and; wheneimany applied-driving;- speed and torque. wil1 ibe translatedt into a driven; speed; and: torque; of: which: the torque varies 1 automatically; in. accordance with the; load and the .speed varies iinversely' withuthe torque.

Another obj ect'. of? the invention is; to; provide improved-hydraulic torque: converters 'ofi thessingle. stage two-phase-type; particularlyadapted for automotive.transmissions, butcapable of being used in other. installations.

Another object 10f the invention: is to: provide hydraulic torqueaconvertersz adaptable-for automotive transmission ;use and havingithevanes of l the: pump, turbine and? reaction members-da signed, for this 5 purpose; to provide. convertershaving axial and diametrical compactness while having a generally acceptable-stall torque-ratio: obtainableatlow. inputspeedsmf 'the automotive engine.

It is contemplated? that improved hydraulic torque convertera. embodying our invention, have vane curvatures providing inletsand outlet angles 1 designedtand so -.re1ated-$to each other as tocontrol the flow-of fluid:inztheg convertersi in ai marrner to provide adequatetorquer multiplication ratios. at: stall; high: 'torqueetransmitting ca pacity, and affording: high efilciencyrinrthetorque conversion rangewa'ndi the coupling: rangefavor.- ing adaptability to: automotive: engines; while being ofathesimple single stage two phase typeand;having minimum axial and diametrical di mensionsr; particularly: desirable. in: their: use in automobiles: having: limited transmission space accommodations for: hydraulic torque converters. While torque: converters of the multiple. stageand/0r DOIYDhhSB? tun r. including: two or: more pumps and t b nesemabe, f the: same. or smaller siz n mirimnrovedz orque convert r design. torque. co verter ?embody n -t e: p esent: invention. have nsifl abl v n a e over uch; converters-in ma u acturing;economscdueto the increas d cost .1 2. meltin the. v rious: pumps.

- s ne noise .v nd a ohigh ngine inpu p d requiring auto enginesof larger; horsepower than those; previouslydound satisfactory. for use with the conventional mechanical automotive trans-Iv missions; inimany. cases; the--v engines being de signed for use with the torque converters. The; torque converters; embodying the present.. invention; have been particularly. designedto obv tain satisiactorv;torque-multiplication ratios at. stall with acceptable small: converter noise, at,

comparativelvilow n in inp tp These-andotherobjects and-advantages of they invention. will appear;- more clearly from the fol-. lowing specification in connectionzwith theace companying drawingsin which:

In the drawin s-:1

Eig; 1* is; a; diagrammatic illustration of a hydraulic torque converter; in Which the novel .vanecurvature desi ns: Qi-thepresent invention may be embodied;

Fi 2 15.3%". d er mmatiaillustrationof pump, turbinezand reactionmemberwvan s shcwinathe curvaturesithereof along: the middle streamline or mean flow line;

Fig 3 isia longitudinal: section, through; a .hydraulic torqueconverter having: the torus 1 air.- cuit of Fig; 1' definedrby-the pump -turbineand: reaction members, I the members being provided' withvanescurved= accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

Fig: 4' isa side' elevation of a portion ofthepump of the torque convertershown in Fig: 3, saidview being taken-on-line*44"oi-Fig. 3

Flawsasectionalview f the pu h n in Fig. 6 is a greatly. enlar ed. edge view. of, one of thesimilar vanesofthe'. pump shown in Fig, 5;

Fig. 7,is.an endview (if-the pump vane. shown in Fig. 6, said view beingtakenon the line 1-1. of Fig. 6;.

Fig. 8 is,aviewillustratingthe portion of. the torusor fiuidqcircuit. through. which the pump vaneof E'igsr, Stand '7 rotates;

Fig. 9 is a: diagl'nnnatic. illustration. of the 55 mean, flO-W: ine-pf ;.the:p.umn vaneshown an .Eigs,

3 6 and '7, the pump vane being rolled out to more clearly illustrate the mean flow line thereof;

Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 are diagrammatic views, based on Fig. 8, showing duct cross-sec tions defined in the pump between the vanes and the inner and outer borders of the converter fluid circuit, and particularly the angular inclinations of the vanes with respect to the inner and outer borders;

Fig. 15 is a side elevation of a portion of the turbine shown in Fig. 3, said view being taken on line 15-15 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 16 is a sectional view of the turbine shown in Fig. 15;

Fig. 17 is an edge view of one of the similar turbine vanes shown in Fig. 15 and as illustrated in Fig. 15;

' Fig. 18 is an end view of the vane shown in Fig. 1'7, said view being taken in the direction indicated by the arrows 18-48 in Fig. 17;

Fig. 19 is a view illustrating the space in the turbine portion of the fluid circuit through which the turbine vane shown in Figs. 17 and 18 rotates;

Fig. 20 is a diagrammatic representation oi the mean flow line of the turbine vane shown in Figs. 17 and 18, the vane being rolled out to more clearly illustrate the mean flow line;

Figs. 21 to 26, inclusive, are diagrammatic views, based on Fig. 19, showing duct cross-sections, defined in the turbine, by the vanes and the inner and outer borders of the converter fluid circuit, and particularly the angular inclinations of the vanes with respect to the inner and outer borders; 7

Fig. 27 is a side elevation of a portion of the reaction member shown in Fig. 3 looking toward the stator or reaction member from the right side of the reaction member as seen in Fig. 3;

Fig. 28 is an edge view of the reaction member shown in Fig. 27, certain portions of the reaction member being broken away to more clearly illustrate the structure thereof;

Fig. 29 is a side elevation of one of the similar stator vanes shown in Figs. 27 and 28;

Fig. 30 is an edge view of the reaction member vane shown in Fig. 29, said view bein taken along the line and in the direction indicated by the arrows 39-39 of Fig. 29;

Fig. 31 is an illustration of a portion of the torus or fluid circuit of the converter illustrating the space through which the reaction member vane rotates;

Fig. 32 is a diagrammatic representation of the mean flow line of the stator vane shown in Figs. 29 and 30, the vane being rolled out to more clearly illustrate the mean flow line thereof;

Figs. 33 to 36, inclusive, are diagrammatic views showing cross-sections of the duct in the reaction member, related to Fig. 31 and illustrating the angular inclinations of the vane relative to the inner and outer borders of the converter fluid circuit;

Fig. 3'7 is a diagrammatic vectorial representation showing the relative fluid flow angles at stall and during different portions of the torque-converting range and the coupling range of the pump, turbine and reaction member vanes shown in Figs. 3 to 36, inclusive;

Fig. 38 is a graph illustrating the efiiciency and torque characteristics of the torque converter;

Figs. 39 to 61, inclusive, are views illustrating a torque converter forming another embodiment of our invention and, more particularly;

Figs. 39 and 40 are views-illustrating the pump 4 thereof, Fig. 39 being a side elevation and Fig. 40 being a sectional view thereof;

Fig. 41 is an edge View of one of the vanes shown in Figs. 39 and 40;

Fig. 42 is an end view of the vane shown in Fig. 41, said view being taken on line i2-fl2 of Fig. 41;

Fig. 43 is a view illustrating the portion of the torus or fluid circuit through which the pump vanes, shown in Figs. 41 and 42, rotate;

Fig. 44 is a view illustrating diagrammatically the mean flow line of the pump vane shown in Figs. 41 and 42, the vane being rolled out to more clearly illustrate the mean fiow line;

Figs. 45 to 49, inclusive, are diagrammatic views showing different cross-sections of one of the pump ducts related to Fig. 43 and illustrating the angular inclinations of the vanes relative to the inner and outer borders of the converter fluid circuit;

Fig. is a side elevation of the reaction member as seen from the right in Fig. 51;

Fig. 51 is an edge view of the reaction member shown in Fig. 50, certain portions of the reaction member being broken away to more clearly illustrate the structure thereof;

Fig. 52 is a side elevation of one of the stator vanes shown in Figs. 50 and 51;

Fig. 53 is an edge view of the stator vane shown in Fig. 52, said view being taken on line 5353 or" Fig. 52 and looking in the direction of the arrows;

Fig. 54 is a portion of the torus or fluid circuit of the torque converter indicating the space through which the stator vanes pass;

Fig. 55 is a diagrammatic representation of the mean flow line of the stator vane shown in Figsv 52 and53, the vane being rolled out to more clearly illustrate the mean flow line;

Figs. 56, 5'7, 53, and 59 are diagrammatic views showing different cross-sections of a stator duct, related'to Fig. 54, and illustrating the angular inclinations oi the vanes relative to the inner and outer borders of the converter fluid circuit;

Fig. 69 is a diagrammatic vectorial presentation showing the relative fluid fiow angles at stall and during different portions of the torque-converting range and. at the coupling point; and

Fig. 61 is a graph illustrating the eiiiciency and torque characteristics of the converter.

Similar reference numerals are applied to corresponding parts throughout the views.

It is well known in the hydraulic torque converter art that the vane curvature design of the pump, turbine and stator elements influence and directly affect the torque multiplication, performance and efficiency characteristics of torque converters. Among the factors of vane curvature design affecting the torque multiplication characteristics at stall, when the highest torque multiplication occurs, and throughout the subsequent torque multiplication range, are the shock losses occurring at the entrance to the vaned member, due to the fluid discharge from one vaned member encountering the vanes of the next vaned member at an awkward angle, producing a churning action with consequent loss of power due to the decrease in fluid velocity at the juncture of vaned channels of two adjacent vaned members. In an endeavor to provide a solution to this shock loss problem, certain torque converters of the single stage, two phase type have been designed with vane curvatures believed to provide high efiiciency and high torque multiplication on the theory that the entrance mosaic-9:

and discharge angleso? he-vanesiof the pump. turbine and; stator-- should* be related so as to: obtain a; smooth andsubstantiallyshockless flowof the fluid from one vaned element-tothe next vaned element at the stall speed of thepump, that is, when the turbine-is-standingstill or--rotating at low speed. While suchtorque-- converters have minimum shock losses at stall and in the initial'torque multiplication rangeofthe torque converters, it has been found;that7 such torque converters are only generally satisfactory for power units, such as, steam engines, electric motors, etc., capable of providing continually high input speeds at stall'and'throu'ghout asubstantial portion of; the torque-converting range of the torque converter, and installationsv .where size of the torque converter is. not a critical factor. These torque converters are. unsatisfactory for use in automobiles haying internal combuse tion engines as their source of mtive power, due to the harmful effects on the mechanicalstructure of the engine producedby sustained high speeds of the engine, and wherethe size of torque, converters in the limited space allotted; in, automobiles for transmission installations. require as small diametrical and axial. dimensions of. the torque converters as possible, Inthis respect, it is desirable that torque. converters be of the smallest possible size. for accommodation, in automotive installationsbut alsoto. provide savings in weight which allows internal combustion engines to accelerate much faster. from an idling position, with the torqueconverter havingthe. least flywheel eiiect. To pernlit;,such. accelera-, tion, requirements oftorqueconverters generally. acceptable to automobile manufacturers at.,the. present time are that t01ql1e-,c0nverters,-. have/ a torque. multiplication rangesot 2.0 to 2.5;torque ratio at stall speeds between 150.0 to. lSQQ-R. P-.- M= (input engine-speeds),

The invention is; primarily concerned-with, the provision of torque converters particularly; adapted but not necessarily for o automobile; internal combustion engines,- falling; within-- the above-defined. torque ratios and input speeds, and being particularly characterized by being of minimum size with respectto axialandidiametrical dimensions while providing;satisfactory-stall, torque. ratios'at low enginminputspceds; and: having high efiieiencyand performance through-,- out the torque conversion range; and: im the: coupling range. Ithas been found-in designing; the blade curvatures of; our torque converters to obtain these desirable advantages. that; it; possible to accept shock; losses atstal-l and intheinitial torque multiplication stageszofwthefiorq e' converters while. still .realizing satisfactory stall torque ratios generallyacceptablefor,torque:con+ verters of the single stage; two-phase. type,: the shock losses reaching their minimum value at later-stages of the torque'conversion range:. It will be apparent that .suchtorqueconvertersare. capable of meeting the demands offautomobile manufacturers on-thebasis ofeconomyofnpera tion of the engine, engine inputspeeds, andnoise level of the engine.

Referring to Fig. 1, illustrating adiagrammatic representation of a torque converter of the single stage two-phase type including a pump-P; a turbine T, and a reaction member or stator S;

each-of these torque converter elements-having an axis ofrotation indicated at A'-A= and defines a fluid circuit in which fluid circulates in the' direction of the-arrowsin a-substantially' closed toroidal pat-h. The fiuid circuitihas -its= inner middle or meanstreamline-indicated at M. It.

is well 1 known that the output. torque in s. a hydraulic torque converteris determinedby-the shape of the blades; the mass or quantity of the circulating liquid, and the input-speedsaof the engine. Accordingly; in-the' design oftorque converters of 'practicably small axial and diametricaldimensions, it is-desirable-that the=volumeotfiuid be as large as possible withinthe-fiuidworking circuit of the torque converter-- andin-the area defined between: the-outer contour or streamline O" and theinner-contour.-or streamline I. Forthis purpose, the outer -contour- O'- is designed substantially circular; whilethe inner contour I is formed ovatein shape,- as shown in Fig. 1. Itwill 'be-apparentthat the inner;- contour I retains-- a rounded form Without sharp" corners, thus avoiding an abrupt changaof-the-flow of the-fluid from a generally: radialdirection-to a generally-- axial direction with its attendant disturbing.- turbulence decreasing the-desiredvelocity of the fluid and consequentloss ofefliciency' of the torque converter.- Located within the fluid circuit are the vanes P2; of the pump; the-"vanes-Tv of" the turbine, and the vanes-fit; :of-thestator S.

The pump, turbine and st'ator vanes are re lated to control 'l'IIi'e VOrtGQFHOW -Of" fluid through' the working fluid circuit: in-amanner shownin Fig. 2; which illustrates-the flat patterndevelopment of" the blade contoursatthe-meanflow line.- or path (Min F i'g=. lithmughthe fluid pas-- sages or ducts formed-between adjacent blades of each of f the particularr vaned converter elements.- We have=found thatw'vanes of the elit ferent converter elements having=- blade contoursal'ongthe mean-' flow -line or streamline of the general character shown in Fig; 2 and ass-um= ing variationsin entrance andexitangles; withinthe range as hereinafter described; provide torque converters of min-imum size; having satisfactory torque: ratios -aflst'all andthroughout' thetorque ccnversi'onrange within" the lower' limit of available speeds of passenger andtruc automobile internaleombustion engines;

A relationship and range; of the entranceand exit angles of pump; turbine and stator-vanes at. the-mean- 'flow line; whichsatisfactorily provide torque converters having; the above described characteristics; 1 canbe generally diesignated, for: the purpose of-illustrati'on';as-to-locatiorr-byreference to Fig. 2; wherein-the "entrance angles are, designated- B1;,; the discharge oroutlet angles, B2; and the included angles Ba-formed' by tangents to the entrance-anddischarge edges of'gthe vanes along thermiddl'e streamline; Theincluded angles, B3 are, according. to our invention; in the range of from 60 to for the turbine vanes andi9'0" to,140 for the reaction memberpr stator .vanes,, and from to, fonthepump .vanes. The best general, performance. characteristics. have. been obtained by relating the entrance..,.and4outJ-, let angles ot .the.van.es..with. respect. to the mean flow line MjinFig. 1'.as.. fol1ows.:..

' Dischargel Angle's B2 Entrance: 1 lsBT.

Turbine,Vanes. .3..-

Reaction .Member- Varies;

- 'Ihe system ofmeasuring --vane entrance *and 'exiu angles given above and when hereinafter referred to in the specification and claims contemplates zero vane angles to have no backward or forward bend: i. e. all'angles are measured from a plane of reference which passes through and is perpendicular to the axis A-A of rotation of the converter. In the system, vane angles which have a component in the direction of rotation are taken as positive, and vane angles which have a component opposite to the direction of rotation are taken as negative. Trigonometric functions of their angles, as used in torque converter design, derive their plus or minus sign from the above rules. Accordingly, the angle B1 or B2 is the angle measured between an axial plane extending through the intersection of the entrance or exit edge of the particular vane and the mean flow line on the pressure face of the vane and passing through a line tangent to the true mean flow line. At any other point on the mean flow line between the entrance and exit edges of the particular vane, the axial plane would pass through the point and the angle would be measured between this axial plane and a line tangent to the true mean flow line on the pressure face of the vane.

As previously mentioned, it is a requirement of automobile manufacturers in any contemplated use of hydraulic torque converters that the torque converters be designed to be of small diametrical dimensions so as to be compatible with the limited space accommodations for transmissions in passenger and truck automobiles. A generally satisfactory and acceptable torque converter size is eleven inches (11"), and torque converters of this size, having vane curvatures defining entrance and exit angles, as well as included angles, within the above-designated range of angles, have been designed by us and are now being manufactured in production quantities for use in automobiles.

Figs. 3 to 38, inclusive, illustrate an example of a production torque converter of the single stage two-phase type and embodying the invention, the vane curvatures of the pump, turbine and stator coming within the range of vane entrance and exit angles, as Well as the included angles, given in the above range of angles. Figs. 39 to 61, inclusive, illustrate an example of another production torque converter having different vane curvatures of the pump and stator than those in the first-mentioned example, the vane curvatures falling within the range of exit, entrance and included angles of the identified range of vane angles given above, the turbine entrance, exit and included angles being identical with those of the hydraulic torque converter illustrated in Figs. 3 to 38, inclusive. It will be apparent from the hereinafter detailed description of these two examples of production torque converters that these torque converters have the above generally identified and described characteristics of hydraulic torque converters embodying the invention.

We have discovered, through extensive experiments, that the two examples of hydraulic torque converters referred to above are satisfactory for association with automotive internal combustion engines and ranging from 100 foot pounds torque and an input speed of 1500 revolutions per minute at stall to 170 foot pounds torque and an input speed of substantially 1'700 revolutions per minute at stall, with the torque ratio at stall ranging between 2.0:1 to 2.5:1. The torque converters are particularly designed to be of the smallest practicable diamctrical dimension for general 8 acceptance by automobile manufacturers, the present torque converters being designed to be 11 in the outside diameter of the fluid circuit.

The torque converter illustrated in Figs. 3 to 38 is designed for use with internal combustion engines having a range from foot pounds torque and an input speed of 1500 R. P. M. at stall, to foot pounds torque and an input speed of 1768 R. P. M. at stall, with the torque converter providing a torque ratio of 2.2:1-2.5:1 at stall. The torque converter illustrated in Figs. 39 to 61, inclusive, is designed for use with internal combustion engines having a range from foot pounds torque and an input speed of 1515 R. P. M. at stall to foot pounds torque and an input speed of about 1700 R. P. M. at stall, with the torque converter providing a torque ratio of 2.00:1 to 2.15:1 at stall.

More particularly and referring to the hydraulic torque converter in Figs. 3 to 33, inclusive, and referring first to Fig. 3, the hydraulic torque converter there shown has the identical torusshaped fluid circuit, as shown in Fig. l, and is formed by a pump or impeller it, a turbine or runner H, and a stator or reaction member i2. Figs. 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the pump it as comprising an outer shell or shroud l3 and an inner core shell or shroud It. The shells i3 and Hi are spaced substantially semi-toroidal annular members of diiferent diameters connected by a plurality of vanes 15 extending therebetween to provide a number of passages or ducts it in the pump. The vanes may be secured to the casing or shroud by any suitable means, as by welding. The outer shell i3 is provided with a hub ll rotatably mounting the pump upon a stationary sleeve 18 of a casing (not shown) housing the converter. The outer shell [3 or the pump is connected at its outer periphery to a flywheel driving member it having an axially extending flange 20 secured to the shell it of the pump, the driving member l9 being secured to an engine input shaft 2 i It will be apparent that the shell l3 of the pump, the driving member i9 and the engine input shaft 2| define a closed fluid chamher.

The turbine H shown in Fig. 3 and Figs. 15 and 16 also comprises two substantially semitoroidal annular members of different diameters, one providing an outer shell or shroud 22 and the other an inner shell or core ring 23, the shell 23 being positioned within the shell 22 and held in spaced relation thereto by a plurality of intervening vanes 24, defining therewith passages or ducts 25 in the turbine. The vanes are secured to the outer shell and core ring in any suitable manner, for example, by welding. The outer shell 22 is secured to a hub 25 having a splined connection to a driven shaft 21.

Referring to Figs. 3, 27, and 28, the stator i2 is composed of an outer annular member or shroud 2-8 having a somewhat concave-convex cross-section, to which is secured a plurality of circumferentially spaced vanes 29 defining fluid passages or ducts 38. A one-way brake device. identified generally at Q and which is of the sprag type, is disposed between the hub 3| of the stator l2 and a collar 32 splined to the stationary part It of the converter casing. The one-way brake Q is operative to prevent rotation of the stator in one direction during the torque multiplication stages of the converter, while permitting rotation of the stator in the opposite direction at what is commonly termed the coupling point of the torque converter.

1 ,It;wi1l be apparent from an inspection of Figs.

. I mean effective flow 1 and 3 that the outer sirens I3 an 22 of the the inner border I) a torus chamber for the fluid vortex circuit of substantially the same configuration in Fig. 3 as that shown in Fig. 1.- It may be noted from an inspection of these figures that the core rings M and 23 have their adjacent edges in close proximity and overlying the adjacent ends of the stator vanes 29 for the purpose of minimizing the escape of fluid from. the fluid vortex circuit into-the annular chamber defined by the core rings, this advantageous feature being of considerable value in maintaining the fluid circulating in the circuit at a high velocity. This particular arrangement is described and shown in patent application serial No. 182,302, filed August 30, 1950, in the name of R. C. Zeidler, now abandoned.

Referring now to the drawings, Figs. 4 to 4 illustrate the vane curvatures of the pump; Figs.

- 15 to 26 the vane curvatures for the turbine, and

Figs. 2'7 to 36 the vane curvatures of the stator. Considering the ump vanes it in Figs. 4, e and 7, these vanes are disposed in equal circumferentially' spaced relation in theouter shell 53 of the pump and are similarly curved or shaped to provide entrance portions Fe for the fluid flowing into the ducts I5, formed by the varies, from the reaction member. The entrance portions P6 of the vanes are bent forwardly with respect to the direction of rotation of the pump, the central portion of the vanes indicated at P2, between the inlet portion Fe and the outlet portion P0, being twisted helix-wise; and the outlet portion. Po beihg rearwardly cent with respect to the rotation of the pump arid so that the fluid flowing through the ducts 15 will flow in a direction rearwardly of the direction of rotation of the pump andbe discharged in the same direction by'the pump outlet portions 1 0. Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9 illustrate the entrance angle E1, the outlet angle B2 and the included angle B3, as well as various angles taken at different sections of the vane, each angle being measured between an axial plane through the particular point on the mean flow line indicated by M and'a line tangent tothe mean flow at that point, in accordance with the vane angle system r previously described for defining the general range of vane angles. It may be noted that such vane angle system contemplates the angle is positive, when the angle is such that the vane tends to direct the flow toward the direction of rotation relative to the axial plane; and that the angle is negative when the angle is such that the vane tends to direct the flow away from the direction of rotation relative to the axial plane. In. accordance with this vane angle system, entrance angle B1 at section a of figs. 8 and 9 is .27."; the angle 7 at section b is at section c, the angle is 1015'; at section d, the angle. is":9.45.'.; the outlet angle B2 at section c'is -'I930, the sections a and 6 being showna t the inlet Peandthe outlet Po, respectively, of the vane. r The included angle Ba (Fig; 9) is'16.230'. "The path of the assumed is indicated at M and is commonly referred to as the design path and is used for definition ofvane angles, entrance and exit radii, etc. It will be. noted from'anyinspection of'Figs. 8 and'9 that the angle of the inlet bias '(IB) is 11 and'that the angle of the outlet bias 'is 1615. The inlet and outlet biases designate the angular discrepancy at the inlet and outlet edges of the vane where the full length of the inangle between the two planes containing the intersection of the design path and the inlet and outlet edges of the vanes when the vanes do not lie in one axial plane and is an angle of 915. These definitions of the terms bias, scroll, and design path Will be utilized throughout the description.

Fig. 9 illustrates the true length of the mean flow line of the pump vane shown in Figs. 6 and 7 and used for identifying the foregoing angles, the vane being shown in its rolled out form to more clearly'illustrate the mean flow line and the angles with respect to the mean flow line. It will be noted that, when the curve identified as the mean flow line is plotted from the reference line, the distances between the sections a and b, b and 0, etc. are measured between the mean flow line projection as rotated into the cross-section of the torus. The dimension X identifies an area bounded byparallel planes respectively passing through the inlet and outlet edges of the vanes alongthe mean flow line M. It may be noted that this X dimension is somewhat relative and only shows the general shape of the curve. The angle through which the fluid is turned is the supplementary angle to the included angle B3.

Referring to Figs. 15, 16, 1'7, l8, l9, and 20, illustrating the similar turbine vanes 24, each vane is characterized by its exaggerated curvature substantially in the form of a parabola or hyperparabola to provide entrance portions Te receiving fluid flowinginto the ducts 25, formed by the vanes 24,.from the pump. ,It will be seen from an inspection of Figs. 19 and 20 that, when the vane angle system previously described is used and which contemplates the angles formed by the geometry of a vane at its entrance and exit edges,

ence to an axial plane or reference line.

the entrance angle B1 at the entrance portion'of the vane (section f)is at the section g, +42l5'; at the section h, +2615; at section 2, 0; at section, 7', -3615'; and at the outlet portion of the turbine vane (section It), the outlet angle is -58". As' seen in Fig. 17, the outlet bias OB is 2630, and the inlet bias IB is 1845, In the present case, the Scroll is 0 inasmuch as an axial plane passes through a radial plane intersecting'the axis of the turbine. and points on the mean streamline M at the inlet and outlet edges of the vane. Fig. 20 illustrates the mean flow line when the vane has been rolled outshowing the true shape of the mean flow line with refer- It will be noted that, when the curve illustrating the mean flow. line is plotted from the reference line, the distances between the sections f and 9', g and h, etc. are measured along the mean flow line projection as rotated into 1 the" cross section of the, torus, The anglethrough which the fluid is turnedis the supplementary angle to the included angle'Bsof'l'lf. 7

Figs; 27*to 32illustrate th stator vanes, each vane being warped helix-Wise, the fluid entrance portions being designated Se and the fluid outlet portions;being designated So, the mean flow line being indicated at M. The various entrance; exit and other angles, are calculated according to the 11 B2 is +65". The Scroll. angle is 34.915}, the outlet bias: (OB) angle is 47930", and the inlet bias. (1B) angle is Referring to Fig. 32-, illustrating the mean flow line onthe stator vane in. its rolled out. position and from which. the just described vane angles were obtained, itwill be noted that the included angle B3, defined by the inlet and. outlet an les B1 and B2, is 115, the angle through which the fluid is turned being the supplementary angle to the included angle.

It will be noted from an. inspectionof Figs. 4 and 5, that each of the pump channels 25 generally increases. in width W and decreases in depth D from its entrance to its exit. As the pump vanes. are. identical and equallyspaced, it will be apparent that cross-sectional areas of the pump channels, while. varying in width and; depth, are substantially equal and thereby are effective to allow substantially the same.- volume of. flui to flow through each channel at its entrance and exit or at any point between, the entrance and exit of the channel. It will also be seen from Figs. 15 and 16V that each of. the turbine channels also generallyincreases. in width W and decreases in depth D from its entrance to its exit, whereby the cross-sectional areas of the turbine channels, while varying in width and depth, are substantially equal and are effective to allow substantially the same volume of fluid to now through each channel at its entrance and exit or at any point between the entrance and exit of the channel. As illustrated in Figs. 2-7 and 28, the channels 30, defined by the stator blades 29,

the annular ring 28 and the portions of the core rings l4 and 23 overlying the radially outer edges of the stator vanes, each have a width W and depth D which may vary slightly with respect to each other at dillerent portions of the channel but are related in such manner as to allow substantially the same volume of liquid to flow through each stator channel at its entrance and exit or at any point between the entrance and exit.

The shapes of the converter profile defined by the previously described inner and outer borders I nd O of the converter vaned elements are important in designing the vane curvatures to equalize the velocity distribution between the outer and inner borders as much as possible, as, should the circulation at the inner border I be higher than at the outer border 0, it will be detrimental to the behavior of the individual portions of the total flow. While the mean flow of fluid by the vanes determines the kinetic energy transfer, the relationship of the inner and outer borders I and 0 introduces deviations below and above the average or mean flow properties of each vaned element, due to the velocity difference at the inner and outer borders.

In the present torque converter, the vanes of the pump, turbine and stator have been designed so that the fluid velocities within each of these vaned elements are substantially even, with consequent smooth and eflicient flow of the fluid through the channels of the individual vaned elements.

To this end and referring to Figs.4 and 6, the pump vanes are bounded by the points P I, P2, P3. and P4; P3 and P4 define the entrance edge and PI and P2 define the exit edge; The entrance edge has its inner tip P3 on the inner border I and its outer tip P4 on the outer border 0, the outer tip P4 lying in front of the inner tip P3 in relation to the direction of rotation of the pump. The exit l2 ed e has its inn r ip 2. n the orde I and. its outer tip .Pt on. he, Outer border. 0. with the. inner tip P2. lying front ofthe outer t p P15 in, relation to the direction of rotation of the pump- Reierring to Figs. 15 and; 18', the entrance and exit. edges of. each turbine-vane, is bounded by the points Tl, T2, T3, and T4,. The entrance edge has its outertip TI; on the outer border 0 lying behind. the inn t p- 17 on the inner b r er I in relation to the. dir ction of rotation of the turbins, and the exit: edge. has. its inner tip T3 lyin ahead of its outer tip 134 in relation to the direction. of ro atien i the tu b n Referring ta Figs. 28- and 2.9.. the entrance and exit edges; of each stator vane are bounded by he four p in s. S1. 2. S3... an $4., SI a S2 defining; the entrance edge and S3 and :34 defining the exit edge. The entrance edge has its outer tip S1 lying; behind its inner tip S2 in relation to the direction of rotation of the pump, and the exit edge has its outer tip S3 lying ahead of the,- inner tip S4 in relation to the direction of rotation of the. pump. The curvatures of the vanes provide the relationship of the aforesaid outer and innertips of each of the pump, turbine and stator vane exit and entrance edges to elf-actively equalize the velocitydistribution between the inner and outer borders in each of the vaned elements; and also to obtain substantially the same energy conversion along each path offluid stream the converter profile fluid circuit, the curvatures of the vanes have been changed gradually from the streamline at the inner border I to the streamline at the outer border 0, and particularly, to provide an entrance angle of .29. degrees at the inner streamline of the pump vane which is 4 degrees larger than the angle of; +25 degrees at the outer streamline; to provide an entrance angle of +47 degrees at the inner streamline oi the turbine vane whichis 3 degrees more than the angle of +43%, degrees at the outer streamline; the inner and outer streamline at the entrance portion of the stator vane being in the same plane and, accordingly, these streamlines have no angular inclination. The exit angle of 9 degrees at the inner streamline of the pump vane is the same as the exit angle 013 .9 degrees at the outer streamline of the pump vane, while the exit angle of -..70 degrees at the inner streamline of the turbine is 12 degrees larger than the angle of -57 & degrees at the outer streamline, and the exit angle of +73% degrees at the inner streamline of the. stator vane is 9%? degrees larger than the angle of +64 degrees at the outer streamline. The change in the included angles from the inner streamline to the outer streamline is 4 degrees for the pump vanes, as the included angle of the inner streamline is degrees and the included angle of the outer streamline is 164%; degrees. The change in the included angle from the inner streamline to the outer streamline is 16 degrees for the turbine vanes, as the included angle of the inner streamline is 63 degrees and the included angle of the outer streamline is '79 degrees. The change in the included angle from the inner streamline to the outer streamline is 9 degrees for the stator vanes, as the included angle of the inner streamline is 106% degrees and the included angle of the outer streamline is 116 degrees. The included angles formed by tangents to the inner streamline at the entrance and exit being generally 1 de o t pump. 63 egree for 

